LINUX Commands

LINUX Commands

Websites

• www.explainshell.com
• https://github.com/Braijan/genmap/blob/main/genmap.py
• https://github.com/Dewalt-arch/pimpmykali

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Starting With Ollama

https://docs.openwebui.com/getting-started/
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WSL for Windows

Step01 : Enable the Windows Subsystem for Linux

PS C:\Users\> dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:Microsoft-Windows-Subsystem-Linux /all /norestart

Step02 : Enable Virtual Machine feature

PS C:\Users\>  dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:VirtualMachinePlatform /all /norestart

Step03: Install WSL

PS C:\Users\> wsl.exe --install

PS C:\Users\>   wsl.exe --list --online

PS C:\Users\> wsl --install ubuntu-24.04

PS C:\Users\>   wsl.exe --list

PS C:\Users\> wsl 

winlinx45@PC03:/mnt/c/Users/user1$ ifconfig

winlinx45@PC03:/mnt/c/Users/user1$ exit

PS C:\Users\> wsl.exe ifconfig

Ref: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/install

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Remove Directory

• sudo rmdir kasm_release

• sudo rm -r kasm_release

Update the kali with complete Distribution upgrade:

• sudo apt update

• sudo apt upgrade

• sudo apt full-upgrade -y

• sudo apt dist-upgrade -y

Same on windows equivalent

• PS C:\Users> winget.exe upgrade --all --include-unknown

How to Get Hostname and version of Linux

• hostnamectl
• lsb_release -a
• cat /etc/os-release

• screenfetch

• neofetch

• fastfetch

Run without Admin Access

• Create - run.bat, then below lines
• Set_COMPAT_LAYER=RunAsInvoker
• Start Chrome.exe

Execute commands from History

• Enter : !525

External IP address

• $ curl ifconfig.me

Search the commands in History 

• use CTRL + R and typing

Mount A network Drive 

• sudo mount -t cifs //192.168.1.15/GNAS /mnt/nwgnas

Benchmark Linux commands:

• screenfetch

• glmark2

• lscpu

• lsblk

Network Address Commands

• ip address

• if config

• ip a

• ip r

• ip n

• route

• iwconfig

To identify IPV6 address available 

• netsat -tlnp | grep tcp6

• ip -6 addr

for Windows

netsh interface ipv6 show subinterfaces

Text editors 

• nano
• mousepad

Docker Commands:

• sudo docker system df -v
• sudo docker system prune -a

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Linux: Run any command on Background by adding "&" at the end of the command

linux@linux:~$ psensor &

linux@linux:~$ glance -w &

Windows: Run any command on Background

When the Terminal window closes, the process gets terminated. 

C:\Users\win> Start-Job -name "glanceinfo" -ScriptBlock {glances.exe -w}

Windows: Create a bat file

@echo off

cd "C:\Users\win\"

START "" glances.exe -w 

ref:

https://learn.microsoft.com/en-gb/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.management/start-process?view=powershell-7.5

https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/start-job?view=powershell-7.5

https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/get-job?view=powershell-7.5

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Network Folder Share Error in windows 11

Error Message: your organization policy doesn't allows you to access the shared folder. 

Using the following command was able to get resolved. 

PS C:\Users\> Set-SmbClientConfiguration -EnableInsecureGuestLogons $true -Force

PS C:\Users\> Set-SmbServerConfiguration -RequireSecuritySignature $false -Force

PS C:\Users\> Set-SmbClientConfiguration -RequireSecuritySignature $false -Force

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Boot Disk Installer:

• https://netboot.xyz/

• https://www.ventoy.net/en/index.html

• https://medicatusb.com/

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Wi-Fi

Reference : https://developer-old.gnome.org/NetworkManager/stable/nmcli.html

•  nmcli general                                                

• STATE      CONNECTIVITY  WIFI-HW  WIFI     WWAN-HW  WWAN   

•  nmcli connection show

• NAME    UUID    TYPE      DEVICE  
• sudo systemctl restart NetworkManager
• nmcli radio wifi off  
• nmcli radio wifi on
• nmcli device wifi list

Install WI-FI  adaptor for MacBook pro intel hardware. :

• sudo apt install firmware-b43-installer

WIFI driver ubuntu

sudo lshw -C network

sudo apt-get install b43-fwcutter firmware-b43-installer

  272  sudo apt-get --reinstall install bcmwl-kernel-source -y

  273  sudo apt install broadcom-sta-dkms -y

Head phone jack

 sudo apt install pulseaudio

 sudo pulseaudio --start 

Connect to a password-protected wifi network

• $ nmcli device wifi connect "$SSID" password "$PASSWORD"

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IPTraf-ng : n/w monitoring tool

https://github.com/iptraf-ng/iptraf-ng

sudo apt install iptraf-ng

iptraf-ng -i eth0

iptraf-ng -i wlan0

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ubuntu bluetooth error

sudo add-apt-repository --remove ppa:blaze/rtbth-dkms

sudo apt install blueman

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:blaze/rtbth-dkms

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install rtbth-dkms

sudo vim /etc/modules

Comment all and add this line

rtbth

Reboot and open

sudo blueman-manager

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GREP command

Nmap : using Grep to filter IP addresses
Syntax : cat ip.txt | grep "text to search" | cut -d"" -f 2 | sort | uniq

cat ip.txt | grep -e "Status: Up"    

SEARCH commands: 

find : sudo find / -type f -name apache2

whereis

locate

which

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Installing deb package  

sudo dpkg -i *.deb

Load the wl module: https://wiki.debian.org/wl

sudo modprobe wl

Updating snap store in Ubuntu 

sudo snap refresh snap-store

Enable write permission on HFS+ HDD on Ubuntu

sudo df

sudo lsblk -o NAME,FSTYPE,SIZE,MOUNTPOINT,LABEL

sudo blkid

sudo fdisk -l

 sudo apt install hfsprogs 

 sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /media/gouti/HDD_MAC

$ sudo umount /dev/sdb2

$ sudo mount -t hfsplus -o rw,force /dev/sdb2 /mnt/HDDmac/

Search a command to install from CLI:

:~ $ apt search hwinfo

Sorting... Done

Full Text Search... Done

backupninja/oldstable,oldstable 1.2.1-1 all

  lightweight, extensible meta-backup system

>

forensics-extra/oldstable,oldstable 2.29 all

  Forensics Environment - extra console components (metapackage)

hwinfo/oldstable 21.72-1 arm64

  Hardware identification system

libhd-dev/oldstable 21.72-1 arm64

  Hardware identification system library and headers

libhd-doc/oldstable,oldstable 21.72-1 all

  Hardware identification system library documentation

libhd21/oldstable 21.72-1 arm64

  Hardware identification system library

:~ $ sudo apt install hwinfo

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brave locked: Error

$ find -iname singletonlock

sudo rm ./snap/brave/435/.config/BraveSoftware/Brave-Browser/SingletonLock

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Monitoring Linux system info

sudo apt install lm-sensors -y

sudo sensors-detect

sudo apt install psensor

sudo snap install glances -y 

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Linux advanced power management

TLP is a free, open-source command-line tool for advanced power management

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:linrunner/tlp

sudo apt update

sudo apt-get install -y tlp tlp-rdw

sudo systemctl enable --now tlp

sudo systemctl status tlp

sudo apt-get install -y mbpfan

sudo systemctl enable --now mbpfan

sudo systemctl status mbpfan

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Macbook pro back-lit keys control

 sudo apt install pommed

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MacBook pro 2012 : Ubuntu boot Error: uninstall kernel when  kernel panic not syncing:

While Booting press options key  

Advance Ubuntu

select lower version kernel - login then perform the following commands to uninstall the kernel which causes problem

Ubuntu-boot-error-kernel

Now use the below GUI to uninstall:

Method 1: Installing Latest Mainline Kernel on Ubuntu via GUI

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:cappelikan/ppa

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

sudo apt install -y mainline

If the GUI is not able to uninstall, get the error message as dependences and paste them as below to remove manually 

sudo apt remove linux-headers-6.5.0-27-generic linux-image-6.5.0-27-generic linux-modules-extra-6.5.0-27-generic  linux-modules-6.5.0-27-generic

Then use autoremove purge to remove residues 

sudo apt autoremove --purge 

sudo apt update 

sudo apt upgrade -y

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Macbook 2012 : Ubuntu not booting after upgrade to "Ubuntu 25.04" 

Upgrading to Ubuntu 25.04

Issue : not-able to boot from Linux kernel 6.14 generic, 

but able to  boot from linux kernel 6.11 generic 

Potential solutions:

Step 01:

Boot into Recovery Mode:

Access the GRUB menu: 

Esc or option+ Shift key to access the GRUB menu. 

Select Advanced options for Ubuntu: 

Options 1: 

Boot to last know Kernel version 

Download files from : https://kernel.ubuntu.com/mainline/v6.14.11/

Test amd64/build succeeded (rc=0, on=amd64, time=0:31:51, log=amd64/log)

  amd64/linux-headers-6.14.11-061411-generic_6.14.11-061411.202506101206_amd64.deb

  amd64/linux-headers-6.14.11-061411_6.14.11-061411.202506101206_all.deb

  amd64/linux-image-unsigned-6.14.11-061411-generic_6.14.11-061411.202506101206_amd64.deb

  amd64/linux-modules-6.14.11-061411-generic_6.14.11-061411.202506101206_amd64.deb

Next Install all 4 headers

sudo dpkg -i linux-*.deb

sudo reboot

Options 2:

Boot into recovery mode: Select the last know kernel with "recovery mode". 

Drop to a root shell: From the recovery menu, select the "root" option to drop into a root shell. 

Attempt to repair the system:

Run sudo apt update

sudo apt upgrade

Run sudo apt install --reinstall ubuntu-desktop 

 sudo apt --fix-broken install

sudo reboot

Option 3: 

If you are looking to uninstall the Linux Kernel 6.14 from Ubuntu,

sudo apt remove linux-headers-6.14* linux-image-*-6.14* linux-modules-6.14*

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Remote desktop Ubuntu machine  using Remmina

on the client machine Enable the sharing option

then enable the VNC, the click on the hamburger menu and select use password.

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Linux Command Line Browser:

https://lynx.invisible-island.net/

Sudo apt install lynx -y 

terminal browser

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Enable SSH on Kali

:~@ sudo apt install openssh-server

:~@ sudo systemctl start ssh

:~@ sudo systemctl enable ssh

:~@ ssh kali@192.168.1.10

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Common used Commands

#!/bin/bash
#sudo chmod +x dailyscri.sh
sudo apt update
echo "****************************************"
sudo apt upgrade -y
echo "*******meshnet-peerlist*********************************"
sudo nordvpn meshnet peer list
echo "*************ufw***************************"
#sudo ufw verbose
echo "***********hostnamectl*****************************"
sudo hostnamectl
echo "****************lsb-release************************"
sudo lsb_release -a
echo "*****************os-release***********************"
cat /etc/os-release
echo "************grep-vnc****************************"
sudo netstat -ptnl | grep vnc
echo "*********smbshares*******************************"
sudo smbstatus --shares | column
echo "***********************docker-ps*****************"
#sudo docker ps
echo "****************hw-info************************"
#hwinfo --short | column
echo "**********vmstat******************************"
vmstat
echo "****************lsof************************"
#sudo lsof -i -P -n
echo "***************netstat*************************"
#sudo netstat -tulpn
echo "************fix-broken****************************"
sudo apt --fix-broken install -y
echo "*************autoremove***************************"
sudo apt autoremove -y
echo "****************ip-addr************************"
ip addr
echo "****************lsblk************************"
lsblk
echo "****************lscpu-uname-a************************"
lscpu
uname -a
echo "*********GVM-start*******************************"
#sudo gvm-start
echo "*********bluetooth******************************"
#sudo systemctl enable bluetooth.service
#sudo systemctl start bluetooth.service
sudo systemctl restart bluetooth.service
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
echo "******wifi-on-off*************************************"
sudo nmcli radio wifi off
sudo nmcli radio wifi on
echo "*********end*******************************"


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Enabling VNC-server service at Boot

Step 01: Edit ~/.vnc/xstartup

ser_g1454@servg1454:~$ sudo cat ~/.vnc/xstartup

#!/bin/sh

xrdb "$HOME/.Xresources"

xsetroot -solid grey

#x-terminal-emulator -geometry 80x24+10+10 -ls -title "$VNCDESKTOP Desktop" &

#x-window-manager &

# Fix to make GNOME work

# Start up the standard system desktop

export XKL_XMODMAP_DISABLE=1

/etc/X11/Xsession

startxfce4 &

Step02: Create vncserver@.service

ser_g1454@servg1454:~$ sudo cat /etc/systemd/system/vncserver@.service

[Unit]

Description=Start TightVNC server at startup

After=syslog.target network.target

[Service]

Type=forking

User=ser_g1454

WorkingDirectory=/home/ser_g1454

PIDFile=/home/ser_g1454/.vnc/%H:%i.pid

ExecStartPre=-/usr/bin/vncserver -kill :%i > /dev/null 2>&1

ExecStart=/usr/bin/vncserver -depth 24 -geometry 1280x800 :%i

ExecStop=/usr/bin/vncserver -kill :%i

[Install]

WantedBy=multi-user.target

Step03: Starting vncserver@.service

ser_g1454@servg1454:~$ sudo systemctl daemon-reload

ser_g1454@servg1454:~$ sudo systemctl enable vncserver@1.service

ser_g1454@servg1454:~$ vncserver -kill :1

ser_g1454@servg1454:~$ sudo systemctl start vncserver@:1

sudo systemctl status vncserver@1

● vncserver@1.service - Start TightVNC server at startup

     Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/vncserver@.service; enabled; preset: enabled)

     Active: active (running) since

ser_g1454@servg1454:~$ sudo netstat -ptnl | grep vnc

tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:6001            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1669/Xtightvnc

tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:6002            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      6757/Xtightvnc

Error:  failed to start - systemctl start vncserver@:1

ser_g1454@servg1454:~$ sudo crontab -e

@reboot vncserver  no

***---***

Error: /system.slice/system-vncserver.slice/vncserver@1.service is not a snap cgroup

While opening browser in VNC-viewer 

ser_g1454@servg1454:~$ sudo cat ~/.vnc/xstartup

#for vnc to open browsers

xhost +local:

ser_g1454@servg1454:~$ chmod +x ~/.vnc/xstartup

next,

ser_g1454@servg1454:~$ echo $DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS

unix:path=/run/user/1000/bus

ser_g1454@servg1454:~$ echo $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR

/run/user/1000

ser_g1454@servg1454:~$ export DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS="unix:path=$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/bus"

ser_g1454@servg1454:~$ brave &

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Error's 

Error: systemd-networkd-wait-online service timing out during boot

sudo systemctl edit systemd-networkd-wait-online.service

### Editing /etc/systemd/system/systemd-networkd-wait-online.service.d/override.conf

### Anything between here and the comment below will become the contents of the drop-in file

[Service]

ExecStart=

ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-networkd-wait-online -i <relevant interface>

### Edits below this comment will be discarded

 

--- where <relevant interface> = eno1 or wlp1s0

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Error: audio not working

For Ubuntu/Debian-based Systems

# Remove core audio packages (use --purge for cleaner removal)

sudo apt-get purge alsa-base pulseaudio pavucontrol

# Update package lists

sudo apt update

# Reinstall core audio packages

sudo apt install alsa-base pulseaudio pavucontrol

# Reboot your system

reboot

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Ubuntu Repo URLs for ‘sources.list’ File

https://www.veeble.com/kb/sources-list-file-urls-ubuntu/

Long-Term Support (LTS) Versions Repo URLs

Ubuntu 24.04 LTS “Noble Numbat”

Types: deb deb-src

URIs: http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/

Suites: noble noble-updates noble-backports noble-proposed

Components: main restricted universe multiverse

Signed-By: /usr/share/keyrings/ubuntu-archive-keyring.gpg

Types: deb deb-src 

URIs: http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/

Suites: noble-security

Components: main restricted universe multiverse

Signed-By: /usr/share/keyrings/ubuntu-archive-keyring.gpg

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Ubuntu 22.04 LTS “Jammy Jellyfish”

deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse

# deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse

# deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse

# deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse

# deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu/ jammy partner

# deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu/ jammy partner

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Nmap

Nmap Tutorial to find Network Vulnerabilities

https://github.com/Braijan/genmap/blob/main/genmap.py

nmap -sS -D 10.1.0.1

-D = decoy  and specifying a dummy ip-address 

Nmap Scripting Engine (NSE)

to check vulnerabilities 

sudo nmap --script vuln 

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dig www.google.com  = gives the IP address 

-Pn  No Host discovery  = Nmap skips the host searching process & performs full target scan 

-PS means TCP SYN request

-PA means TCP ACK request

-PU means UDP request 

-PE means ICMP echo request 

-PR means ARP request

TCP Scan Types 

-sS    TCP SYN scan ( half open scan / stealthy  scan)

-sT = TCP  connect scan (full open scan)

-sN = TCP  NULL scan

-sF = TCP  FIN scan

-sX = TCP  Xmas scan

-sA = TCP  ACK scan

-sW = TCP window scan

-sM  = TCP maimon scan

-F  flag  does a fast scan 

e.g. nmap  -F 192.168.1.1

Timing template 

-T5  insane 

-T4  aggressive

-T3  Normal

-T2  polite

-T1 sneaky

-T0 paranoid 

-sV  = Service version detection

sudo nmap -sV -O -F 10.0.2.4 

E.g. = nmap -T4 -F 192.168.1.*

-A option provide details and inbuilt script of nmap scan

sudo nmap -A -T4 192.168.1.*

nmap saving output files

-oN = Human readable text file

-oX = Machine readable file

-oG = Grepable text file

-v  = allows to see progress by nmap 

DNS spoofing: 

windows powershell : ipconfig /displaydns

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